The dispute about the establishment of mosques and minarets has now also spilled over to Austria. For many, the construction of minarets and the wearing of headscarves has become a symbol for Muslim immigrants who do not want to integrate but are striving for a parallel society with traditional Islamic values and laws, if not even an Islamisation of western societies. Populist parties and media, which have an eye on their circulation, fan the fear of a “collision of civilisations”. This study looks at the background of the headscarf dispute and the controversially led discussion on the establishment of mosques and with minarets.